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Fuel Cell Science

Fuel Cell Science

The Search for a Fuel-Cell Car

Going to work in 2030. A commuter gets into a car and turns the key. There is a faint noise of auto parts pumps and compressors. The dashboard comes to life. The motor does not actually turn over, though, until the driver presses on the accelerator. Then the vehicle moves out into heavy traffic.

Looking much like their forerunners from the twentieth-century, cars are moving so quietly that the swish of tires is louder than the purr of their electric motors. No fumes spew from exhaust pipes, just wisps of pure water vapour. No smog spoils the view of the mountains. Environmentally friendly transportation has arrived.

This journey began back in 1975 in Arizona cactus country when Geoffrey Ballard, a 43-year-old Canadian geophysicist, poked his way through a small, unkempt cement-block motel just a short walk from the Mexican border. He was looking for a cheap laboratory in which to pursue his dream of finding an alternative to the petrol-driven internal-combustion engine.

He bought the motel for $1400 and burned the filthy mattresses, but the building still stank, so he persuaded the local fire department to come for a training exercise. Watching their hoses blast the place clean, Ballard thought about the world's overconsumption of fossil fuels. Reducing it would be tough, but he'd always been tenacious.

In the energy crisis of 1973 he was called to Washington to direct research into energy conservation. His wife, Shelagh, and their three school-age sons stayed in Arizona. For six months he supervised studies of virtually anything that did not depend on oil, coal or petrol. But disillusionment soon set in. Only ideas that promised results within a few years would be funded. On a visit home in early 1974, he told Shelagh that he wanted to return to Arizona and resume his quest for a better energy technology.

Ballard thought battery-powered electric cars were the best energy alternative. A big problem was the weight of lead in storage batteries. Could lithium, the lightest metal, be substituted? He had a friend, Ralph Schwartz, a quirky engineer who had been working with lithium and sulphur dioxide.

Needing an electrochemist, they went to see Keith Prater at the University of Texas at El Paso. Prater said he lacked experience with batteries. "I don't want someone who knows about batteries," said Ballard. "They know what won't work. I want someone willing to try things that others might not."

Within six months Prater was able to isolate a key ingredient, lithium dithionite. They mixed it in a  beaker with solvents, added copper strips and charged it with electricity. Then they hooked up a torch bulb – and it glowed! Prater was ecstatic. However, a practical battery would take money to develop.

Just at that time an acquaintance was refitting a submarine in Vancouver for oil exploration. Needing a package of instruments designed, he tracked down Ballard, hired him as a consultant and soon agreed to finance a lithium battery.

That's when Ballard and Schwartz bought the rundown motel in Arizona and started to run experiments. On the weekends, Keith Prater flew in from El Paso, landing his two-seat Piper in an adjacent field. Living on pizza and beer, they worked until exhausted, taking naps on patio furniture, then getting back to the chemistry.

After two years, Schwartz bowed out. Ballard was still committed to alternative energy, but he and Shelagh were feeling the pull of Canada. Prater had met and married a Vancouver woman. So they moved operations to the submarine warehouse in Vancouver.

The project's backer eventually pulled the financial plug. But his cousin, Horace Koessler, had money. He owned a seaplane and wanted a companion on an Arctic tour. "You will have a month to persuade me to invest in the battery project," he said. Desperate for financing, Ballard took a flying course.

Their trip was a near disaster. Engine trouble and deteriorating weather forced them down on an isolated pond, and for three days they sat out torrential rains. Radio calls brought no help. Finally, Ballard hung a tarp over the engine, located the problem, straightened a carburetor linkage and got them home. Koessler put up $200,000.

Next, a smoke-detector firm injected money. By now a big, jovial engineer named Paul Howard had joined Ballard. Late on a Friday in 1979 he took a phone call. The smoke-detector firm had filed for bankruptcy, meaning Ballard's company was now in receivership.

That weekend, Prater, Howard and Ballard agreed to form a new company. Ballard was the eldest by 11 years, with a track record and excellent business contacts, but he offered them equal partnerships. "There's lots of responsibility to go around," he said. They rented a small office and called themselves Ballard Research.

For the next four years they scrambled to pay the bills, mainly selling single-use lithium batteries. The rechargeable version worked, but each recharge was weaker than the previous one, like the spring of a watch running down. Then an exciting alternative appeared.

In 1983, the Canadian military wanted a fuel cell with a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) for silent power. A fuel cell is like a battery, but better. It requires no overnight charging. It reverses the familiar secondary-school science experiment in which electricity is put through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. In a PEM cell, a polymer plastic membrane coated with platinum separates two flat electrodes. Hydrogen flows in on one side, oxygen from the air on the other. They combine to form water and generate electricity without combustion and nasty emissions.

"A fuel cell is electrochemistry," Prater told colleagues. "It's right up our alley." Ballard got the contract and hired a technical team. Engineer David Watkins set up the lab. Danny Epp, a sailor who had worked on the submarine, did most of the day-to-day building. Ken Dircks did the testing. They bought a sample of a costly DuPont membrane developed for the US space programme. But their budget was so tight that Epp scrounged materials from rubbish bins. When he needed to make grooves on the electrode plates to channel the gases, he begged a company that sold trophies to lend him an engraving machine. In three years they had the most powerful PEM cell, for its weight and size, in the world. Watkins set up a display at an international conference in Phoenix. Hardly anyone had heard of Ballard Research, but scientists noticed the impressive results. Soon they were visiting the lab.

In 1987 entrepreneur Michael Brown read an article on fuel cells in his dentist's surgery. A few weeks later he got a tip about Ballard. Excited by the fuel cell's promise, he persuaded the Business Development Bank of Canada to join his firm, Ventures West, in a syndicate that raised $880,000.

Progress continued. The Ballard team replaced the DuPont membrane with one from Dow Chemical and left it running. To their amazement, it generated four times the previous power. As they watched, a finger-thick electric cable got so hot that copper strands began to melt and fuse. They yelled and jumped around. With this second, drastic boost in power, the electric car suddenly seemed feasible.

By 1998 Ballard Research needed additional financing. Brown and his partners decided that before they would commit more money, the Ballard founders had to bring in new leadership with more business skills.

Brown introduced them to Firoz Rasul, a 36-year-old engineer who had been marketing vice president of MDI Mobile Data. Recognizing their limitations in the world of megabusiness, Ballard founders gave Rasul an equal share of stocks as well as making him president. Rasul and Brown wrote a new business plan and raised $5 million.

To refine and market the fuel cell would mean enormous growth and at least ten years with no net earnings. Employees increased from 37 in 1989 to over 450 today. The company, now called Ballard Power Systems, changed headquarters. To raise the needed hundreds of millions of dollars, they had to establish annual targets for greater power, improved reliability, reduced cost – and meet them. And they did.

One key advanced, led by polymer specialist Alfred Steck, was a cheaper membrane, the heart of the fuel cell. Mixing novel polymer plastics, Steck's group spread them to form films, dried them in a "clean room" and put them into cells. The first membranes turned brittle and failed after 300 to 500 hours, not good enough for a commercial vehicle. The "third generation" membrane, however, just kept running. When it passed 1000 hours, they broke out a bottle of champagne. At 5000 hours, another bottle. Then 10,000 hours. More champagne. When Steck had a  shelf of empty bottles, Ballard Power Systems had its own durable, affordable membrane.

By mid-1990 Ballard wanted to put the cell into a small bus to show that it could actually make wheels turn. He had been playing tennis with British Columbia's Energy Minister Jack Davis, who said, "Give me a ‘green' photo opportunity for the premier and I will get you the funding." The province provided $2.7 million of the $4.1-million cost.

They unveiled the project in June 1993 outside Vancouver's Science World. Premier Mike Harcourt waited with Ballard and the media. Suddenly Paul Howard, who was in charge, got a walkie-talkie call from the bus. "The compressor just stopped." A small bolt – not part of the cell, but crucial – had broken.

After a stunned moment of horror, Howard orchestrated a comic-opera charade. Six Ballard workers, hidden from view, pushed the bus until it rolled silently down a slight incline towards the podium. Harcourt made a speech, then said, "Now let's go for a ride." But the crowd milled around. Reporters asked Howard one question after another. He just kept talking. There were too many people to move the bus safely, so the ruse worked. Harcourt left for another appointment. "Come back this afternoon for a ride," Howard told reporters. By then the problem was fixed.

Government and motor-company officials began to visit for test runs. Vancouver and Chicago have even put in orders for city buses. Meanwhile, California has passed laws requiring that ten per cent of all cars sold starting in 2003 be zero emission vehicles. Other American states have followed suit, creating a potential market for fuel-cell cars.

Germany's Daimler-Benz, the first major car company to experiment with a Ballard cell in the late 1980's, seized the initiative. In 1996 it rolled out a minivan powered by Ballard cells. In a series of multi-million-dollar deals, Daimler-Benz bought a 20-per-cent share of Ballard in 1997, while Ford acquired a 15-per-cent stake the next year. The three firms formed two new joint companies to manufacture and market fuel cells and drive trains for electric vehicles.

"The starting pistol in the race to produce the first fuel-cell car has been fired," says Juergen Hubbert, head of Daimler's car division. "A new era in transport is dawning."

"It's an astounding leap," says David Scott, professor of mechanical engineering at Canada's University of Victoria. "The fuel cell will have an impact on transportation comparable to that of the microchip on communications."

Ballard can barely keep up with the invitations to speak at universities. He advises students: "Do not be patient. All things do not come to those who wait. Dare to be in a hurry to change things for the better."

About the Author

Fuel Cell Science $158 A comprehensive survey of theoretical andexperimental concepts in fuel cell chemistry Fuel cell science is undergoing significant development, thanks, in part, to a spectacular evolution of the electrocatalysis concepts, and both new theoretical and experimental methods. Responding to the need for a definitive guide to the field, Fuel Cell Science provides an up-to-date, comprehensive compendium of both theoretical and experimental aspects of the field. Designed to inspire scientists to think about the future of fuel cell technology, Fuel Cell Science addresses the emerging field of bio-electrocatalysis and the theory of heterogeneous reactions in fuel cell science and proposes potential applications for electrochemical energy production. The book is thorough in its coverage of the electron transfer process and structure of the electric double layer, as well as the development of operando measurements. Among other subjects, chapters describe: Recently developed strategies for the design, preparation, and characterization of catalytic materials for fuel cell electrodes, especially for new fuel cell cathodes A wide spectrum of theoretical and computational methods, with?the aim of?developing?new fuel cell catalysis concepts and improving existing designs to increase their performance.? Edited by two leading faculty, the book: Addresses the emerging fields of bio-electrocatalysis for fuel cells and theory of heterogeneous reactions for use in fuel cell catalysis Provides a survey of experimental and theoretical concepts in these new fields Shows the evolution of electrocatalysis concepts Describes the chemical physics of fuel cell reactions Forecasts future developments in electrochemical energy production and conversion Written for electrochemists and electrochemistry graduate students, electrocatalysis researchers, surface and physical chemists, chemical engineers, automotive engineers, and fuel cell and energy-related researchers, this modern compendium can help today's best minds meet the challenges in fuel science technology.

Fuel Cell Car Science Kit $69.99 Horizon's Fuel Cell Car Science Kit uses a reversible PEM fuel cell that combines electrolysis and power conversion into one single device. Watch as oxygen and hydrogen gases are formed in two transparent water containers. The car steers independently of the user once in operation: when the car hits a barrier, it will automatically find its way by reversing away 90 degrees. Included in the box is a renewable energy education manual as well as an experiment guide. This fun science kit combines cutting-edge science, education and fun for all!

Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology $139 Covers the proposed fuel cell systems including PEMFC, SOFC, PAFC, MCFC, regenerative fuel cells, direct alcohol fuel cells, and small fuel cells to replace batteries.

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Stanley Meyers Water Fuel Cell $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The water fuel cell is a purported perpetual motion machine invented by American Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940 March 21, 1998). He claimed that an automobile retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. The fuel cell purportedly split water into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen was then burned to generate energy, a process that reconstituted the water molecules. According to Meyer, the device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted or measured by conventional science. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 88 Publication Date: 2010/08/23 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.21 inches

Fuel Cell Electronics Packaging $159 Fuel Cell Electronics Packaging

Fuel Cell Technician`s Guide (Paperback) $164.65 THE FUEL CELL TECHNICIAN`S GUIDE explains fuel cells and systems without requiring advanced knowledge in science or engineering for the installation, implementation, hand troubleshooting, and repair of fuel cells and systems. This book begins with the history of fuel cells and goes on to discuss various kinds of fuel cells, system balance-of-plant issues, safety, and codes and standards encountered on the job. Varying fuel cells are used as primary examples throughout the text, providing several different views of how fuel cells work, where they work best, and why these concepts are important.

Fuel Cell Catalysis : A Surface Science Approach $161.85 No Synopsis Available

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Fuel Cells $99.95 The comprehensive, accessible introduction to fuel cells, their applications, and the challenges they pose Fuel cells—electrochemical energy devices that produce electricity and heat—present a significant opportunity for cleaner, easier, and more practical energy. However, the excitement over fuel cells within the research community has led to such rapid innovation and development that it can be difficult for those not intimately familiar with the science involved to figure out exactly how this new technology can be used. Fuel Cells: Problems and Solutions, Second Edition addresses this issue head on, presenting the most important information about these remarkable power sources in an easy-to-understand way. Comprising four important sections, the book explores: The fundamentals of fuel cells, how they work, their history, and much more The major types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct liquid fuel cells (DLFC), and many others The scientific and engineering problems related to fuel cell technology The commercialization of fuel cells, including a look at their uses around the world Now in its second edition, this book features fully revised coverage of the modeling of fuel cells and small fuel cells for portable devices, and all-new chapters on the structural and wetting properties of fuel cell components, experimental methods for fuel cell stacks, and nonconventional design principles for fuel cells, bringing the content fully up to date. Designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and chemistry programs, as well as professionals working in related fields, Fuel Cells is a compact and accessible introduction to the exciting world of fuel cells and why they matter.

Fuel Cell Technology $249 Provides a survey of the research in fuel cells, with in-depth coverage of the two types of fuel cells: the high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and the low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM). This book also covers various aspects of SOFC and PEM technology and is useful for researchers, academics and industrialists.

Portable Fuel Cell Applications $93.99 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Portable fuel cell applications (or portable fuel cell power systems) are portable (Movable) fuel cell applications that are either used as micropower in consumer electronic devices to provide power or as portable power in emergency power systems for critical areas. Portable fuel cell applications is a classification in FC hydrogen codes and standards and fuel cell codes and standards. The other main standards are Stationary fuel cell applications and Fuel cell vehicle. Small portable emergency power systems are a type fuel cell system, which may include lighting, generators and other apparatus, to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 130 Publication Date: 2010/08/02 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.31 inches

Direct-Ethanol Fuel Cell $44.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Direct- ethanol fuel cells or DEFCs are a subcategory of Proton-exchange fuel cells where the fuel, ethanol, is fed directly to the fuel cell. DEFC uses Ethanol in the fuel cell instead of the more toxic methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative to methanol because it comes with a supply chain that's already in place. Ethanol also remains the easier fuel to work with for widespread use by consumers.

Fuel Cell Bus $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A fuel cell bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels, sometimes augmented in a hybrid fashion with batteries or a supercapacitor. A few companies are conducting hydrogen fuel cell research and practical fuel cell bus trials. These include: Daimler AG, with thirtysix experimental units powered by Ballard Power Systems fuel cells completing a successful threeyear trial, in eleven cities, in January 2007, Thor Industries (the largest maker of buses in the U.S.), based on UTC Power fuel cell technology, and Irisbus, based on UTC Power fuel cell technology. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 96 Publication Date: 2010/09/12 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.23 inches

Chafer Fuel Cell Holder $4.95 Hold fuel cells safely and easily with the Browne-Halco HL84 Chafer Fuel Cell Holder. Constructed of stainless steel the Browne-Halco HL84 Chafer Fuel Cell Holder has a 3-1/4 inch diameter with a sliding cover that will quickly snuff out lighted gel and wick fuels. With a nice design the Browne-Halco HL84 Chafer Fuel Cell Holder is ideal for use at any public serving.

Discovering Cell Mechanisms (Paperback) $73.06 Between 1940 and 1970, pioneers in the new field of cell biology discovered the operative parts of cells and their contributions to cell life. Cell biology was a revolutionary science in its own right, but in this book, it also provides fuel for yet another revolution, one that focuses on the very conception of science itself. Laws have traditionally been regarded as the primary vehicle of explanation, but in the emerging philosophy of science it is mechanisms that do the explanatory work. William Bechtel emphasizes how mechanisms were discovered by cell biologists.

Fuel Cell Systems Explained $132.61 Building on the success of the first edition "Fuel Cell Systems Explained" presents a balanced introduction to this growing area. "In summary, an altogether satisfying book that puts within its covers the academic tools necessary for explaining fuel cell systems on a multidisciplinary basis." Power Engineering Journal "An excellent book....well written and produced." Journal of Power and Energy Fully revised and updated, the second edition: Provides an essential guide to the principles, design and application of fuel cell systems. Includes full and updated coverage of fuel processing and hydrogen generation and storage systems. Presents a full and clear explanation of the operation of all the major fuel cell types, and an introduction to possible future technology, such as biological fuel cells Features a new chapter on the direct methanol fuel cell. Now includes examples of the modelling, design and engineering of real fuel cell systems. A clear overview of fuel cell operation and thermodynamics Coverage of the complete fuel cell system including compressors, turbines, and the electrical and electronic sub-systems such as regulators, inverters, grid inter-ties, electric motors, and hybrid fuel cell/battery systems. Assuming no prior knowledge of fuel cell chemistry, this reference comprehensively brings together all of the key topics encompassed by this diverse field. Practitioners, researchers and students in electrical, power, chemical and automotive engineering will continue to benefit from this essential guide to the principles, design and application of fuel cell systems.

Fuel Cell Micro-grids $129 Fuel Cell Micro-grids describes an energy supply method based on a network of two or more proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM-FC). Such a network enables the effective use of exhaust heat, the simplification of the transmission network, the possibility of backup during disruptive hazards and the consideration of regional factors. Furthermore, green energy and renewable energy systems can be connected to the network, to function in cooperation with the fuel cells. For these reasons, it is believed that an increasing number of applications will make use of such fuel cell energy networks. Fuel Cell Micro-grids analyses the operation plan of these new energy supply methods using genetic algorithms. The book explains the results of the analysis of the optimization operation plan, energy cost, and greenhouse gas discharge characteristics for many application cases of the fuel cell network.

Alkaline Fuel Cell $58.94 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies and is the cell that flew Man to the Moon. NASA has used alkaline fuel cells since the mid1960s, in Apolloseries missions and on the Space Shuttle. AFCs consume hydrogen and pure oxygen producing potable water, heat, and electricity. They are among the most efficient fuel cells, having the potential to reach 70. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 68 Publication Date: 2010/09/11 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.16 inches

Formic Acid Fuel Cell $71.7 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Directformic acid fuel cells or DFAFCs are a subcategory of proton exchange membrane fuel cells where, the fuel, formic acid, is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell. Their applications include small, portable electronics such as phones and laptop computers. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 80 Publication Date: 2010/12/05 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.19 inches

Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell $93.99 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell (RMFC) or Indirect Methanol Fuel Cell (IMFC) systems are a subcategory of protonexchange fuel cells where, the fuel, methanol (CH3OH), is reformed, before being fed into the fuel cell. RMFC systems offer advantages over direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems including higher efficiency, smaller cell stacks, no water management, better operation at low temperatures, and storage at subzero temperatures because methanol is a liquid from 97.0 C to 64.7 C (142.6 F to 148.5 F). The tradeoff is that RMFC systems operate at hotter temperatures and therefore need more advanced heat management and insulation. The waste products with these types of fuel cells are carbon dioxide and water. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 142 Publication Date: 2010/08/03 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.33 inches

Fuel Cell MicroGrids $237.38 Fuel Cell Microgrids describes an energy supply method based on a network of two or more proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Such a network enables the effective use of exhaust heat, the simplification of the transmission network, the possibility of backup during disruptive hazards and the consideration of regional factors. Furthermore, green energy and renewable energy systems can be connected to the network, to function in cooperation with the fuel cells. For these reasons, it is believed that an increasing number of applications will make use of such fuel cell energy networks. Fuel Cell Microgrids analyses the operation plan of these new energy supply methods using genetic algorithms. The book explains the results of the analysis of the optimization operation plan, energy cost, and greenhouse gas discharge characteristics for many application cases of the fuel cell network. Author: Obara, Shinya/ Obara, Shin Ya Series Title: Power Systems Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 271 Publication Date: 2010/12/10 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.57 inches

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell $79.66 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Moltencarbonate fuel cells are hightemperature fuel cells, that operate at temperatures of 600C and above. Molten carbonate fuel cells are currently being developed for natural gas and coalbased power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications. MCFCs are hightemperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically inert ceramic matrix of betaalumina solid electrolyte. Since they operate at extremely high temperatures of 650C and above, nonprecious metals can be used as catalysts at the anode and cathode, reducing costs. Improved efficiency is another reason MCFCs offer significant cost reductions over phosphoric acid fuel cells. Molten carbonate fuel cells can reach efficiencies approaching 60 percent, considerably higher than the 3742 percent efficiencies of a phosphoric acid fuel cell plant. When the waste heat is captured and used, overall fuel efficiencies can be as high as 85 percent. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 104 Publication Date: 2010/07/25 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.24 inches

Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell $93.99 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The Protonic ceramic fuel cell or PCFC is based on a ceramic electrolyte material that exhibits high protonic conductivity at elevated temperatures. PCFCs share the thermal and kinetic advantages of high temperature operation at 700 degrees Celsius with molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, while exhibiting all of the intrinsic benefits of proton conduction in Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). The high operating temperature is necessary to achieve very high electrical fuel efficiency with hydrocarbon fuels. PCFCs can operate at high temperatures and electrochemically oxidize fossil fuels directly to the anode. This eliminates the intermediate step of producing hydrogen through the costly reforming process. Gaseous molecules of the hydrocarbon fuel are absorbed on the surface of the anode in the presence of water vapor, and hydrogen atoms are efficiently stripped off to be absorbed into the electrolyte, with carbon dioxide as the primary reaction product. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 142 Publication Date: 2010/08/02 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.33 inches

Salt Water Fuel Cell Car $14.95 As the smallest, least expensive, not to mention first fuel cell car to be powered by saltwater, the Salt Water Fuel Cell Car gives children a chance to learn about new forms of clean energy, while building and powering their very own toy: Just add saltwater and go! 

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability $129 Covers one of the important aspects of fuel cell research and development, fuel cell durability from different viewpoints. This book describes the durability and degradation issues of catalyst materials (both anode and cathode catalysts) in individual contributions as well as stability aspects from carbon support materials.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell $93.99 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells (PEMFC), are a type of fuel cell being developed for transport applications as well as for stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications. Their distinguishing features include lower temperature/pressure ranges (50 to 100 C) and a special polymer electrolyte membrane. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell transforms the chemical energy liberated during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, as opposed to the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce thermal energy. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 146 Publication Date: 2010/08/02 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.34 inches